Course Form of State Unity in Ancient Russia

Relevance of the topic. The chosen topic of the course work is very relevant in modern conditions, since the history of our state and society goes back to the distant past. The chronological starting point is traditionally accepted for Russian legal and historical thought. The establishment of the ruling Rurik family is associated with the formation of all-Russian statehood and the addition of all the fundamental foundations of the early feudal monarchy. The beginning of the written history of the codification of Russian law dates back to this time. It should be noted that Russian society as a certain political integrity existed many centuries earlier. This statement is supported, for example, by the data of acts of international law. During the VI - VIII centuries, Slavic warriors, as a rule, led by the Kievan khagans, waged numerous wars with their neighbors-Byzantium, Khazaria, the Avar Khaganate and other countries. In particular, in the VI century, the Romans witnessed agreements with barbarian conquerors. These treaties contained the indicative wording of the subject opposing the empire: "We are of the Russian race..."[1] with further indication of the commanders of the army with titles that were uniformly referred to by the Romans in their own political terminology as "archons". Byzantine authors noted the existence of a political union with a permanent government, which united the tribes under the leadership of Kiev, the national professional army of wartime-the squad and the militia.

But it should be noted that the full existence of statehood in this period looks problematic. At this time, to a large extent, tribal relations prevailed. The institutions of military democracy united the people and the army. Political power and the armed forces were inseparable. Military service was a mononorm - the right and duty of every community member.

The degree of scientific development of the topic. Among the early researchers of the Russian past, first of all, Shirokorad A. B. should be mentioned.[2] and Nasonova A. N.[3]. In addition to the most valuable facts directly on the history of Russia, they expressed a number of interesting assumptions in the field of the legal system of the Old Russian state. Thus, they saw a connection between the Brief edition of the Russian Truth and the oldest legal norms of pagan times. The works of such great scientists as M. N. Zolotukhina are of great importance.[4], Yeremyan, V. V.[5], Levakin I. V.[6], Pavlova S. V., Bodunova O. G.[7]This indicates the growing interest of researchers in the problems of formation of state institutions and legal regulation of public life in the first quarter of the XIX century. Panov A. A. in his modern work[8] "Unity of the State: the Russian experience of constitutional and legal regulation " also actively addresses the problems of the development of state power and the legal system. The article is devoted to the time when the state was created. Annenkova V. G. in the article "The essence of the category" Unity of the Russian State"[9] It gave a completely different description of the history of the state and its political institutions than its predecessors. It avoids a consistent presentation of historical facts in chronological order, focusing in detail on phenomena or historical personalities in cases where it considers their role in the fate of the fatherland to be paramount. It also defines the periods of Russian history in particular, and notes the special properties of the state in each of them.

Also, a special place is occupied by the works of Bodnar A.V.[10], V. A., Kocheva[11], Levakina I. V.[12]. Recently, there are also legal studies of Pavlova S. V., Bodunova O. G.[13], Panova A. A.[14], Sosenkova F. S.[15] etc. Studies of state-legal problems received an additional impetus in the Soviet period. First of all, these are the works of M. P. Pogodin.[16], Sakharova A. N.[17], Shchapova Ya. N.[18] etc.

The central place in the work of Chertkov A. N. " The territorial structure of the Old Russian state: the search for a legal basis"[19] It is a characteristic of social relations and the most important features of the political system of the Old Russian state and its political institutions such as the princely power, the council of nobles, the veche. Franskevich O. P.[20] He considered Russia of the first Rurik era as a federal entity.

In 1992, Semitko A. P. published an article " Russian Legal culture: mythological and socio-economic origins and prerequisites"[21], dedicated to the issues of both state and legal existence of Ancient Russia. This scientist considered the Kievan state to be a pre-feudal entity. D. S. Likhachev, T. Y. Khabrieva, V. E. Chirkin and others also made an important contribution to the development of legal knowledge about the legal antiquities of Russia.

In general, it can be noted that many researchers have been engaged in the problems of the emergence of statehood and law. Their works enriched the treasury of state-legal and historical knowledge, contributed to the knowledge of the truth, but a comprehensive study of the period of origin (VII-X centuries) of the old Russian state was not the subject of research by legal science, as a rule, the subject of research was the period from the IX centuries.

Purpose of this study to characterize the form of state unity in ancient Russia.

Tasks (main issues to be developed (investigated)):

• Describe the form of government of the Old Russian state;
• To investigate the form of the state structure of the Old Russian state;
• Consider the state unity in the monuments of legal and political thought.

The object of the research – a form of state unity.

The subject of the study It is the evolution of the state system of Ancient Russia, the origin and development of the main state institutions of public power, the process of nationalization of the lands of the Eastern Slavs - their transition from tribal ownership to state ownership.

Methodological basis of the study. The work is based on the idea of the laws of historical development in general and their specific manifestation in a certain territory. The integrity of the study is based on the analysis of specific historical processes that took place on the territory of Ancient Russia, taking into account general historical realities. The systematic and complex nature of the research is ensured by the involvement of manuscript, archaeological, toponymic sources, as well as the latest methods of domestic and foreign researchers based on the typological approach to Old Russian feudalism and allowing the most accurate determination of the time of transition of Old Russian society from tribal to feudal relations.

The structure of the course of the study It is subject to the logic of the study, is determined by the goals and objectives of the work and consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.

1. Annenkov V. G. System of state guarantees of ensuring the unity of the Russian state // the State power and local self-government. – 2015. - N 7. – p. 11-14.
2. Annenkova V. G. The essence of the category "unity of the Russian State" / / History of the state and Law. – 2016. - N 9. – p. 10.
3. Annenkova V. G. United national idea-the basis and meaning of the unity of the Russian state / / State power and local self-government. – 2015. - N 9. – P. 32.
4. Bodnar A.V. Directions and problems in the study of the political and legal foundations of the formation and formation of statehood in Russia / A.V. Bodnar // History of the state and Law. - 2007. - N 21. - P. 26.
5. Yeremyan, V. V., So if in Russia the Horde's yoke? Medieval statehood through the prism of relations of tributary dependence / / Administrative and municipal Law. – 2015. - N 3. – p. 41.
6. Zolotukhina N. M. Vladimir Monomakh and the development of Russian legal culture // Soviet state and law. - 1982. - N 5. - P. 71.
7. History of Russian literature of the X-XVII centuries: Textbook / L. A. Dmitriev, D. S. Likhachev, Ya. S. Lurie et al.; Edited by D. S. Likhachev. – 410 pp.
8. Constitutional law. Encyclopedic dictionary / ed. by S. A. Avakyan. - M.: NORMA, 2001. – 678 p.
9. Kochev V. A. Concentration and volume as the main properties of the unity of state power // Bulletin of the Perm University. Of legal science. – 2012. - N 3. – p. 5.
10. Levakin I. V. State unity of Russia: theoretical and legal research: dis. ... D. yu. n. - M., 2003. – 271 p.
11. Novgorod I chronicle of the elder and younger izvodov. Ed. and with a preface by A. N. Nasonov. M.-L., 1950. – 572 p.
12. Pavlova S. V., Bodunova O. G. The Old Russian image of the ideal ruler (X-beginning of the XIII century) / S. V. Pavlova, O. G. Bodunova // History of State and law. - 2009. - N 23. - P. 22.
13. Panov A. A. Unity of the state: Russian experience of constitutional and legal regulation // History of State and law. – 2017. - N 21. – p. 54.
14. Plotnikova O. A. The system of power in Russia through the prism of mentality // History of State and law. - 2008. - No. 11. – p. 40.
15. A tale of bygone years. Translated by D. S. Likhachev / / "Izbornik". Collection of works of literature of Ancient Russia. - M.: Fiction, 1969. – 690 pp.
16. Pogodin, M. P. the Study, comments and lectures on Russian history. - Kiev, 1950. - Vol. 4. – 571 p.
17. Sakharov A. N. We are from the Russian family. The birth of Russian diplomacy. - L., 1986. – 562 p.
18. Semitko A. P. Russian legal culture: mythological and socio-economic origins and prerequisites // State and law. - 1992. - N 10. - p. 112.
19. Soviet Historiography of Kievan Rus. - L., 1978. – 558 p.
20. Sosenkov F. S. On the ideas of state unity in the political and legal views of Vladimir Monomakh / / History of the State and Law. – 2014. - N 9. – p. 13.
21. Frantskevich O. P. the Historical aspect of formation and development of the common economic space in the Russian Federation // History of state and law. – 2014. - N 19. – P. 76.
22. Khabrieva T. Ya., Chirkin V. E. Theory of the modern Constitution. Moscow, 2005. – 433 p.
23. Chertkov A. N. Territorial structure of the Old Russian State: search for a legal basis // History of State and law. - 2010. - N 21. - P. 34.
24. Shirokorad A. B. Rus and the Horde. M.: Veche, 2013 (Secrets of the Russian Land). – 512 s.
25. Shchapov Ya. N. Byzantine and South Slavic legal heritage in Russia in the IX-XIII centuries. – 690 pp.